![]() Īcetylcholine plays an essential role in hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. The former was predicted by sleep spindles over SWS, which discriminates the memory processes during sleep as well as facilitating emotional memory consolidation. Emotions with negative salience presented as a cue during SWS show better reactivation, and therefore an enhanced consolidation in comparison to neutral memories. ![]() Īffective representations are generally better remembered during sleep compared to neutral ones. A further study demonstrated that when subjects heard sounds associated with previously shown pictures-locations, the reactivation of individual memory representations was significantly higher during SWS (compared to other sleep stages). This stage of sleep has an exclusive role as a context cue that reactivates the memories and favors their consolidation. The region of the hippocampus was activated in response to odor re-exposure during SWS. Ī memory reactivation experiment during SWS was conducted using odor as a cue, given that it does not disturb ongoing sleep, over a prior learning task and sleep sessions. In addition, a correlation can be observed between the amplitude of hippocampal activity during SWS and the improvement in spatial memory performance, such as route retrieval, on the following day. Reactivation of the hippocampus during SWS is detected after the spatial learning task. Specifically, SWS presents a role in spatial declarative memory. This associated with the spontaneously occurring wave oscillations that account for the intracellular recordings from thalamic and cortical neurons. In several studies, after the subjects have had training to learn a declarative memory task, the density of human sleep spindles present was significantly higher than the signals observed during the control tasks, which involved similar visual stimulation and cognitively-demanding tasks but did not require learning. A central model has been hypothesized that the long-term memory storage is facilitated by an interaction between the hippocampal and neocortical networks. ![]() Furthermore, slow-wave sleep improves declarative memory (which includes semantic and episodic memory). Impaired memory consolidation has been seen in individuals with primary insomnia, who thus do not perform as well as those who are healthy in memory tasks following a period of sleep. This is sometimes referred to as "sleep-dependent memory processing". Slow-wave sleep is considered important for memory consolidation. The principal characteristics during slow-wave sleep that contrast with REM sleep are moderate muscle tone, slow or absent eye movement, and lack of genital activity. The second section of the wave signifies an "up state", an excitation or depolarizing phase in which the neurons fire briefly at a high rate. This is the period when the neocortical neurons are able to rest. ![]() The first section of the wave signifies a "down state", an inhibition or hyperpolarizing phase in which the neurons in the neocortex are silent. This period of sleep is called slow-wave sleep because the EEG activity is synchronized, characterised by slow waves with a frequency range of 0.5–4.5 Hz, relatively high amplitude power with peak-to-peak amplitude greater than 75µV. Initially, SWS consisted of both Stage 3, which has 20–50 percent delta wave activity, and Stage 4, which has more than 50 percent delta wave activity. It usually lasts between 70 and 90 minutes and takes place during the first hours of the night. Slow-wave sleep ( SWS), often referred to as deep sleep, consists of stage three of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Ostriches sleeping, with REM and slow-wave sleep phases
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